Rule 83. Vexatious litigants.

(a) Definitions.

(a)(1) The court may find a person to be a "vexatious litigant" if the person, including an attorney acting pro se, without legal representation, does any of the following:

(a)(1)(A) In the immediately preceding seven years, the person has filed at least five claims for relief, other than small claims actions, that have been finally determined against the person, and the person does not have within that time at least two claims, other than small claims actions, that have been finally determined in that person’s favor.

(a)(1)(B) After a claim for relief or an issue of fact or law in the claim has been finally determined, the person two or more additional times re-litigates or attempts to re-litigate the claim, the issue of fact or law, or the validity of the determination against the same party in whose favor the claim or issue was determined.

(a)(1)(C) In any action, the person three or more times does any one or any combination of the following:

(a)(1)(C)(i) files unmeritorious pleadings or other papers,

(a)(1)(C)(ii) files pleadings or other papers that contain redundant, immaterial, impertinent or scandalous matter,

(a)(1)(C)(iii) conducts unnecessary discovery or discovery that is not proportional to what is at stake in the litigation, or

(a)(1)(C)(iv) engages in tactics that are frivolous or solely for the purpose of harassment or delay.

(a)(1)(D) The person purports to represent or to use the procedures of a court other than a court of the United States, a court created by the Constitution of the United States or by Congress under the authority of the Constitution of the United States, a tribal court recognized by the United States, a court created by a state or territory of the United States, or a court created by a foreign nation recognized by the United States.

(a)(2) “Claim” and “claim for relief” mean a petition, complaint, counterclaim, cross claim or third-party complaint.

(b) Vexatious litigant orders. The court may, on its own motion or on the motion of any party, enter an order requiring a vexatious litigant to:

(b)(1) furnish security to assure payment of the moving party’s reasonable expenses, costs and, if authorized, attorney fees incurred in a pending action;

(b)(2) obtain legal counsel before proceeding in a pending action;

(b)(3) obtain legal counsel before filing any future claim for relief;

(b)(4) abide by a prefiling order requiring the vexatious litigant to obtain leave of the court before filing any paper, pleading, or motion in a pending action;

(b)(5) abide by a prefiling order requiring the vexatious litigant to obtain leave of the court before filing any future claim for relief; or

(b)(6) take any other action reasonably necessary to curb the vexatious litigant’s abusive conduct.

(c) Necessary findings and security.

(c)(1) Before entering an order under subparagraph (b), the court must find by clear and convincing evidence that:

(c)(1)(A) the party subject to the order is a vexatious litigant; and

(c)(1)(B) there is no reasonable probability that the vexatious litigant will prevail on the claim.

(c)(2) A preliminary finding that there is no reasonable probability that the vexatious litigant will prevail is not a decision on the ultimate merits of the vexatious litigant’s claim.

(c)(3) The court shall identify the amount of the security and the time within which it is to be furnished. If the security is not furnished as ordered, the court shall dismiss the vexatious litigant’s claim with prejudice.

(d) Prefiling orders in a pending action.

(d)(1) If a vexatious litigant is subject to a prefiling order in a pending action requiring leave of the court to file any paper, pleading, or motion, the vexatious litigant shall submit any proposed paper, pleading, or motion to the judge assigned to the case and must:

(d)(1)(A) demonstrate that the paper, pleading, or motion is based on a good faith dispute of the facts;

(d)(1)(B) demonstrate that the paper, pleading, or motion is warranted under existing law or a good faith argument for the extension, modification, or reversal of existing law;

(d)(1)(C) include an oath, affirmation or declaration under criminal penalty that the proposed paper, pleading or motion is not filed for the purpose of harassment or delay and contains no redundant, immaterial, impertinent or scandalous matter;

(d)(2) A prefiling order in a pending action shall be effective until a final determination of the action on appeal, unless otherwise ordered by the court.

(d)(3) After a prefiling order has been effective in a pending action for one year, the person subject to the prefiling order may move to have the order vacated. The motion shall be decided by the judge to whom the pending action is assigned. In granting the motion, the judge may impose any other vexatious litigant orders permitted in paragraph (b).

(d)(4) All papers, pleadings, and motions filed by a vexatious litigant subject to a prefiling order under this paragraph (d) shall include a judicial order authorizing the filing and any required security. If the order or security is not included, the clerk or court shall reject the paper, pleading, or motion.

(e) Prefiling orders as to future claims.

(e)(1) A vexatious litigant subject to a prefiling order restricting the filing of future claims shall, before filing, obtain an order authorizing the vexatious litigant to file the claim. The presiding judge of the judicial district in which the claim is to be filed shall decide the application. In granting an application, the presiding judge may impose in the pending action any of the vexatious litigant orders permitted under paragraph (b).

(e)(2) To obtain an order under paragraph (e)(1), the vexatious litigant’s application must:

(e)(2)(A) demonstrate that the claim is based on a good faith dispute of the facts;

(e)(2)(B) demonstrate that the claim is warranted under existing law or a good faith argument for the extension, modification, or reversal of existing law;

(e)(2)(C) include an oath, affirmation, or declaration under criminal penalty that the proposed claim is not filed for the purpose of harassment or delay and contains no redundant, immaterial, impertinent or scandalous matter;

(e)(2)(D) include a copy of the proposed petition, complaint, counterclaim, cross-claim, or third party complaint; and

(e)(2)(E) include the court name and case number of all claims that the applicant has filed against each party within the preceding seven years and the disposition of each claim.

(e)(3) A prefiling order limiting the filing of future claims is effective indefinitely unless the court orders a shorter period.

(e)(4) After five years a person subject to a pre-filing order limiting the filing of future claims may file a motion to vacate the order. The motion shall be filed in the same judicial district from which the order entered and be decided by the presiding judge of that district.

(e)(5) A claim filed by a vexatious litigant subject to a prefiling order under this paragraph (e) shall include an order authorizing the filing and any required security. If the order or security is not included, the clerk of court shall reject the filing.

(f) Notice of vexatious litigant orders.

(f)(1) The clerks of court shall notify the Administrative Office of the Courts that a pre-filing order has been entered or vacated.

(f)(2) The Administrative Office of the Courts shall disseminate to the clerks of court a list of vexatious litigants subject to a prefiling order.

(g) Statute of limitations or time for filing tolled. Any applicable statute of limitations or time in which the person is required to take any action is tolled until 7 days after notice of the decision on the motion or application for authorization to file.

(h) Contempt sanctions. Disobedience by a vexatious litigant of a pre-filing order may be punished as contempt of court.

(i) Other authority. This rule does not affect the authority of the court under other statutes and rules or the inherent authority of the court.